Development of Education in Kenya

1. 0 INTRODUCTION2 1. 1 Definition of terms3 1. 2 Background information4 1. 2. 1 Pre-pioneer education4 1. 2. 2 Post provincial instruction in Kenya (Neocolonialism)4 1. 3 National Aims/Goals of Education in Kenya6 1. 4 Structure of education6 1. 4. 1 Early Childhood Development and Education7 1. 4. 2 Primary education8 1. 4. 3 Secondary education9 1. 4. 4 Teacher Education9 1. 4. 5 Tertiary Education10 1. 4. 6 University education11 1. 5 Administration system11 1. 5. 1 Permanent secretary11 1. 5. 2 Finance and organization Division12 1. 5. 3 Directorate of Education12 . 5. 4 Field Service Education Officers13 2. 0 CHALLENGES FACING THE FORMAL EDUCATION IN KENYA14 2. 1 Recommendations to the Challenge of Education in Kenya17 3. 0 Conclusion18 3. 1 References. 19 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The arrangement of instruction and preparing to all Kenyans is key to the achievement of the Government’s generally speaking advancement methodology. To start with, the drawn out target of the Govern ment is to give each Kenyan essential quality instruction and preparing, including 2 years of pre-essential, 8 years of essential and 4 years of optional/specialized training. Instruction additionally targets improving the capacity of Kenyans to safeguard and use the earth for beneficial increase and economical employments. Second, improvement of value human asset is fundamental to the achievement of national objectives for mechanical turn of events. Third, the acknowledgment of general access to essential instruction and preparing guarantees fair access to instruction and preparing for all kids, including impeded and powerless gatherings. Fourth, training is vital for the turn of events and security of fair establishments and human rights. Consequently, this paper targets depicting the advancement of formal instruction in Kenya. It will as a matter of first importance investigate formal training in pre-pioneer period. It will at that point show how various commissions have added to the advancement of formal instruction in post-pilgrim time. The paper will likewise reveal insight into the national objectives of training, the structure of instruction and account framework in each degree of training through government activities. Also, it will investigate the organization of the instruction framework lastly talk about the different difficulties confronting the training segment and their suggestions. 1. 1 Definition of terms Education According to Sifuna and Otiende (1992) training is the way toward securing beneficial amassed information, aptitudes mentalities and qualities starting with one age then onto the next. Starting here of view thusly, training is intended to show an understudy how to carry on with his life by building up his psyche and furnishing him to manage reality. Formal as characterized by Webster Dictionary is â€Å"relating to or including the outward structure, structure, connections, or course of action of components instead of content†. It might likewise mean after or agreeing with set up structure, custom or rule. Formal instruction conventional instruction program is the way toward preparing and creating individuals in information, abilities, psyche and character in an organized and confirmed program. The highlights of formal instruction incorporate Classrooms, educators, understudies, substance and others (Sifuna and Otiende, 1992). 1. 2 Background data 1. . 1 Pre-pilgrim training Sifuna, Chege and Oanda (2006) see that chronicled records uncover that Kenyans approached instruction as far back as Johann Ludwing Krapf and Johannes Rebman. Formal training was acquainted essentially with advance evangelism yet later on it become an instrument for creation of talented work for the Europeans ranches and administrative staff for prov incial organization. The teachers decided the kind of instruction African needed to have †they assembled schools, oversaw them decided the educational program and impacted training approaches. Everything began in 1846 with the congregation preacher society (CMS) setting up a school at Rabai the Coast territory and others across Kenya, for example, Friend school Kaimosi (1903), Maseno school (1906), Jamhuri secondary school (1906), Europeans young ladies, Kenya secondary school (1908), Mangu secondary school (1925) and others. During that time training in Africa, Kenyan included was delineated on racial lines in issues of framework structure, educational programs and assets. For instance, the Europeans framework had a pper hand asset, its educational program depended on British conventions, Arabs and Asians framework came next. Africans arranged adolescents to take a shot at Europeans ranches. 1. 2. 2 Post pilgrim instruction in Kenya (Neocolonialism) Sifuna and Otiende (1992) noticed that racial isolation was abrogated in 1960 as the nation drew nearer to autonomy. With the fulfillment of freedom on twelfth December, 1963;- a service of training was made. The educational s ystem in Kenya was brought under a confined standard educational plan and open assessments. Since freedom, the Government has tended to difficulties confronting the training part through Commissions, Committees and Taskforces. The principal Commission, after autonomy, thought of the Report of the Kenya Education Commission (The Ominde Report, 1964) that looked to change the training framework acquired from the pilgrim government to make it increasingly receptive to the requirements of autonomous Kenya. The Commission proposed an instruction framework that would encourage national solidarity and the production of adequate human capital for national turn of events. Sessional Paper No: 10 of 1965 on African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya officially received the Ominde Report as a reason for post-autonomy instructive turn of events. The Report of the National Committee on Educational Objectives and Policies (The Gachathi Report, 1976), concentrated on reclassifying Kenya’s instructive strategies and targets, offering thought to national solidarity, and financial, social and social desires of the individuals of Kenya. It brought about Government support for ‘Harambee’ schools and furthermore prompted foundation of the National Center for Early Childhood Education (NACECE) at the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE). The Report of the Presidential Working Party on the Second University in Kenya (The Mackay Report, 1981) prompted the expulsion of the propelled (A) level of auxiliary instruction, and the extension of other post-optional preparing foundations. Notwithstanding the foundation of Moi University, it additionally suggested the foundation of the 8:4:4 arrangement of instruction and the Commission for Higher Education (CHE). It expanded the school educational plan with accentuations on pre-professional and specialized abilities (Republic of Kenya, 1981). The Report of the Presidential Working Party on Education and Manpower preparing (1988) concentrated on improving instruction financing, quality and importance. This Manpower Training for the Next Decade and Beyond (The Kamunge Report) was the point at which the Government conspire for the arrangement of instructional materials through the National Textbook Scheme was wasteful and accordingly antagonistically influenced the nature of educating and learning. From the proposals of the Working Party in 1988, the Government created Sessional Paper No 6 on Education and Training for the Next Decade and Beyond. This prompted the approach of cost sharing between government, guardians and networks. The Commission of Inquiry into the Education System of Kenya (The Koech Report, 2000) was commanded to suggest available resources of empowering the training framework to encourage national solidarity, common social duty, quickened mechanical and innovative turn of events, deep rooted learning, and adjustment in light of evolving conditions. The Koech Report suggested Totally Integrated Quality Education and Training (TIQET). While the Government didn't embrace the Report because of the cost ramifications a few suggestions, for example, educational program legitimization have been received and actualized. Ongoing arrangement activities have concentrated on the fulfillment of training for all (EFA) and, specifically, Universal Primary Education (UPE). The key concerns are get to, maintenance, value, quality and importance, and interior and outside efficiencies inside the instruction framework. The viability of the current 8-4-4 structure and arrangement of training has likewise gone under expanding investigation considering the decrease in enrolment and maintenance especially at the essential and optional school levels in the most recent decade. The Government is focused on the arrangement of value instruction and preparing as a human ideal for all Kenyans as per the Kenyan law and the universal shows, for example, the EFA objective, and is creating techniques for moving the nation towards the achievement of this objective. The execution of Free Primary Education (FPE) is basic to the achievement of UPE as a key achievement towards the acknowledgment of the EFA objective (htt://www. virtualcampuses. eu/file. php/Kenya). 1. National Aims/Goals of Education in Kenya Aseey and Ayot (2009:6) express that: â€Å"in Kenya the central objective of instruction is to get ready and prepare the adolescent to be cheerful and helpful residents of the general public. From this essential needs emerge more points of education†. In Kenya, there are seven explicit objectives of instruction, to be specific national solidarity, national turn of events, singular turn of events and social satisfaction, social equity, regard and advancement of social legacy and universal cognizance. 1. Structure of training Kenya's instruction framework is a three to four level framework. In 1985 Kenya presented the current 8-4-4 framework: ? Essential training: 8 years: age 6-13 (free and mandatory) ? Optional instruction: 4 years: age 14-18(subsidized for understudies in Day Schools and the Government gives charges rules to every single state funded school) ? Advanced education: 4 years: age 19-21 (sponsored for those chose through the Universities Joint Admission Board) 1. 4. 1 Early Childhood Development and Education The arrangement of ECDE as watched

Business Intelligence for Information Systems- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theBusiness Intelligence for Information Systems Engineering. Answer: Business knowledge design of SaS SaS business Intelligence is alluded to as a Visual investigation that assists with uncovering the weight n an IT endeavor with the assistance of self help access to an inside and out information degree. So as to get refined outcomes it is important for any business undertaking to embrace the most appropriate BI stage to increase compelling business achievement and upper hands (Stone and Woodcock 2014). The segments of SAS incorporate information coordination, insight stockpiling, Business Intelligence (BI) and examination. Arrangement of information, show of information these are the two distinct exercises conveyed by SAS BI. Data might be of social database, for example, prophet, My SQL, Teradata and so on. Despite the capacity area of information that is whether OLAP, data maps or in SAS dataset are seen as the toolset of Business Intelligence. Now and again clients can likewise make ETL process in SAS coordination studio (Gallinucci, Golfarelli and Rizzi 2015.). OLAP 3D shape sums up tremendous arrangement of data to guarantee that the clients can without much of a stretch audit and bring information from the server stockpiling. Then again the data map permits the clients to join information, rename factors and so forth. After planning of information as indicated by the design subtleties, it tends to be gotten to through various ways and those are as per the following: SAS web report studio SAS Business Intelligence dashboard SAS data conveyance gateway SAS BI can make solid association or lady of the hour between the clients and information sources. It can coordinate all data those are spread everywhere throughout the endeavor (Naous, Schwarz and Legner 2017). It decreases the pace of time wastage and an additionally get included qualities for organization achievement. The utilization of SaS in a business venture So as to achieve venture exercises, SAS BI is useful and coming up next are the advantages: It can without much of a stretch modify gateways and dashboards It gives propelled business perception Assists with growing significant level business knowledge It has incredible inquiry and investigation abilities too (Debortoli, Muller and vom Brocke 2014) It gives propelled metadata the board choices It has a well adaptable arrangement capacities It gives instinctive interface to the OLAP information server and investigation References Debortoli, S., Muller, O. also, vom Brocke, J., 2014. Looking at business knowledge and huge information skills.Business Information Systems Engineering,6(5), pp.289-300. Gallinucci, E., Golfarelli, M. also, Rizzi, S., 2015. Propelled point displaying for social business intelligence.Information Systems,53, pp.87-106. Naous, D., Schwarz, J. furthermore, Legner, C., 2017. Investigation As A Service: Cloud Computing and the Transformation of Business Analytics Business Models and Ecosystems. Stone, M.D. furthermore, Woodcock, N.D., 2014. Intuitive, immediate and advanced advertising: A future that relies upon better utilization of business intelligence.Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing,8(1), pp.4-17.

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed Class Visits Are Not a Deciding Factor

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed Class Visits Are Not a Deciding Factor Some MBA programsâ€"Harvard Business School, for oneâ€"have gone on record stating that class visits are not a factor in their admissions decisions. But this definitely does  not mean you have nothing to gain from visiting your target schools campus. Imagine that you are considering buying a $250â€"$500K home. Would you not want to visit it before purchasing it? Perhaps you would turn on the taps, open and close the doors and windows, and walk around the yard, making sure your planned investment will be a good one, right? Well, your business school educationâ€"when you take into account tuition, living expenses, and the opportunity costs of leaving your current jobâ€"will probably cost you somewhere in that dollar range. So, visiting your target school(s) to ensure that your potential “home” for the next two years is right for you is just as important. We feel that visiting the campus of the school(s) to which you plan to apply is a crucial step in the application process. Doing so allows you to gain a firsthand perspective into a program’s environment, pedagogy, facilities, student body, and professors. The dollars you will spend on transportation and lodging are the MBA program equivalent of hiring an inspector when buying a home. To the extent that your budget and available vacation days allow, make the effort to visit your target schools, even though doing so will not have a direct effect on whether or not you ultimately gain a letter of acceptance. It  will  help ensure that the school you ultimately attend is a good fit and increase your chances of a happy future there. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed Class Visits Are Not a Deciding Factor Some MBA programsâ€"Harvard Business School, for oneâ€"have gone on record stating that class visits are not a factor in their admissions decisions. But this definitely does not mean you have nothing to gain from visiting campus! Imagine that you are considering buying a $250â€"$500K home. Would you not want to visit it before purchasing it? Perhaps you would turn on the taps, open and close the doors and windows, and walk around the yard, making sure your planned investment will be a good one, right? Well, your business school educationâ€"when you take into account tuition, living expenses, and the opportunity costs of leaving your current jobâ€"will probably cost you somewhere in that dollar range. So, visiting your target school(s) to ensure that your potential “home” for the next two years is right for you is just as important. We feel that visiting the campus of the school(s) to which you plan to apply is a crucial step in the application process. Doing so allows you to gain a firsthand perspective into a program’s environment, pedagogy, facilities, student body, and professors. The dollars you will spend on transportation and lodging are the MBA program equivalent of hiring an inspector when buying a home. To the extent that your budget and available vacation days allow, make the effort to visit your target schools, even though doing so will not have a direct effect on whether or not you ultimately gain a letter of acceptance. It will help ensure that the school you ultimately attend is a good fit and increase your chances of a happy future there. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed

Populists v Progressives Essay - 705 Words

Populists v Progressives nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A political party is an organization whose aim is to gain control of the government apparatus, usually through the election of its candidates to public office. Political parties take many forms, but their main functions are similar: to supply personnel for government positions; to organize these personnel around the formation and implementation of public policy; and to serve in a mediating role between individuals and their government. Political parties are as old as organized political systems. Two parties in particular, the Populist Party and the Progressive Party are alike in many ways, from their platforms to their general issues. In general, however, the structure and behavior of†¦show more content†¦The party adopted a platform calling for the free coinage of silver along with the abolition of national banks. Another aspect of the Populist Party, is a graduated income tax, government ownership of all forms of transportation and communication, a nd the election of Senators by direct vote of the people. Civil service reform, a working day of eight hours, postal banks, pensions, and the reform of immigration regulations are just some of the other views and beliefs of populists. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progressives are activists in a political reform movement known as progressivism, which is a broadly based reform movement that reached its height early in the 20th cent. In the decades following the Civil War, rapid industrialization transformed the United States. A national rail system was completed, agriculture was mechanized, the factory system spread, and cities grew rapidly in size and number all because of this newfound movement. The progressive movement arose as a response to the vast changes brought by industrialization. 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How Much Weight Public Relations Effects the Consumer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 572 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Public relations in business can be explained as the method various businesses use to converse with their consumers. The importance of public relations is that it plays a major role in reputation and building strategies of any business. With the increasingly changing business world, consumers are able to access any information they may require about any business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Much Weight Public Relations Effects the Consumer" essay for you Create order Businesses therefore have to check on transparency and credibility in order to attract more consumers whilst maintaining consumer base. This implies that the impact of public relations on consumers is highly positive. The weight of the impact of public relations can be explained by its objectives which include providing information, product awareness, stimulating demand and creating interest. This research aims at researching the weight public relations has on consumers. Public relation through media coverage shapes the insight of consumers towards a certain brand (jenna, n..p). As leading information is made available to consumers, the opinion of the particular brands or the business changes. The change may be positive or negative depending on the news brought by the media. To measure the weight of public relation through press coverage, I shall provide   list of several brands to survey respondents. Some of the brands have had negative press coverage. From the figure above, the brands that had negative press coverage also received negative perception from the consumers (jenna, n..p). The perception of consumers towards a certain brand determines their likelihood to purchase that commodity. All the same, public relations is able to change the perception of consumers by providing positive news and creating more awareness (Dodd, n..p). The weight of the effect of public relations on the fidelity of consumers is resilient and more substantial when the brand image is favorable. Public relations play a major role in making strategic decisions that help in managing organization’s behavior. Public relations ensures quality production of commodities. When a certain business is able to produce quality products, then more consumers will flow towards that direction. In other words, public relations helps catch the attention of consumers. It is a linking action which strengthens relationships with consumers and stakeholders. For instance, a company such as Samsung is known for producing quality products that are loved by most consumers. In this case, it might not be due to media coverage, but due to proper public relation strategies to produce quality goods as per the consumer need (Hsieh et al., 26-42). Managing organization behavior also involves setting a code of ethics for employees and dealing with negative reviews and negative media coverage. As they say, ‘charity begins at home’, the same applies to all businesses. Creating a good image o f your company may attract more consumers. For instance, if Samsung customer service department employed unqualified personnels, then their brand name might have poor ratings from consumers. If a business has its operations kept on point, that is, perfect customer service, quality products and good organization behavior in general, then it is easy for them to achieve consumer loyalty at a high rate (Hsieh et al., 26-42). This case may also help in neutralizing native PR from the media and social platforms. A good example can be explained by Samsung company. It might be very difficult for its consumers to shift to another brand due to bad information from the media. This is because they know about the products from the company and their employees are always helpful to them.

Sociology 101 Social Norms - 2974 Words

Harry Patel 9/03/2008 Sociology 101, section 8 Social Norms: Conformity and Deviance One of the norms I broke was talking to someone in a public bathroom, while peeing. It was very ocward talking to the guy next to me. One of the reason I felt ocward talking to him was because, you are not suppose to talk to the guy next to you. While you are doing your business you look at the wall in front of you. When you are done you wash your hands, and leave. No one talks to anyone they don’t know, even if they do know the person next to them they won’t talk to them while they are peeing. No one was taught to do this, you learned by observing. But when the guy next to you starts talking you don’t know how to react. That’s how the guy next to me†¦show more content†¦Penney and tried to find him. But we couldn’t find him. One of the reasons I wanted to talk to him was because I wanted to know if he got mad at me because I talk to him in the bathroom. An other reason I wanted to talk to him to see want he thought when I first talk to him. I don’t know if he didn’t wash his hands because I freaked him out. He might be having a bad day that’s why he sounded mad. I don’t think he got mad because I talked to him in the bathroom. I didn’t see him in the mall again, if I did I might have know if that’s the reason he got mad. But talking to the first guy kind of tells me that talking to someone won’t get them mad. It might get someone annoyed but not mad. Comparing the first and second experiments told me that people don’t like to talk to people they don’t know. Even I felt uncomfortable talking to the guy while in the bathroom. Breaking this social norm will irritate the person you are talking to. And they will try to act like they didn’t hear you. But I’m kind of glad we have this social norm, because it is ocward Created by Neevia Document Converter trial version http://www.neevia.com walking to some random guy in a public bathroom. 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Nursing Care for Depressed Occipital Fracture

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Care for Depressed Occipital Fracture. Answer: Introduction: Nursing care patients should be optimal, precise and patient centred. In the light of all the advancements to the health care industry nursing care has reached the pinnacle of success. There was a time when nursing care was viewed just as an add-on to the treatment by the clinical practitioners (FABIANO SHARRARD, 2017). As the health care advanced and treatment procedures became more complex, the weightage of nursing care in the health care industry transformed completely. Now nursing care is seen as a integral part of treatment procedure, and the importance of quality nursing care in the health care industry now is clearly understood (FABIANO SHARRARD, 2017). With the transformation of nursing care, the approaches to it has changed radically as well. There are a lot of different and modern techniques and approaches to nursing care and treatment. Out of all the approaches, evidence based practice has shine in heath care as a whole it makes nursing care be adequately patient centred and absolutely safe for the patients as well (Ribeiro dos Santos, de Carvalho Sousa, Oliveira Lima, Nadson de Sousa Ribeiro, de Arajo Madeira, da Silva Oliveira, 2016). This essay will attempt to string together a patent centred and optimal nursing care plan for depressed occipital fracture utilizing modern approaches to nursing care. Case scenario: The case scenario under consideration in this assignment describes an elderly patient named Mark Robinson aged 63, who fell from a ladder and suffered a depressed occipital fracture and lost consciousness for a while. His Glasgow coma scale showed almost normal behaviour scored at 14 to 15 regularly and the patient exhibited signs of slight drowsiness. Overnight the patient shows symptoms including slurred speech, fatigue and confusion. His nursing care must begin with thorough primary assessment. ABCDE approach primary assessment: The ABCDE approach is designed to provide the nursing professional a thorough examination of all the vital physiological activities. It starts with the airway examination, to ensure that the airway of the patient is not blocked in any manner and the patient is breathing enough air. Most of the emergencies turn fatal within the matter of minutes without the proper examination of the vitals, and checking the airway should be the first step to ensure that the Mark is at no risk to respiratory failure (Onakomaiya, Kruger, Highland, Kodosky, Pape, Roy, 2017). The second assessment in this approach is the examination of breathing, even if there are no blockages in the airway or respiratory tract of the patient there are high chances of irregular breathing patterns in the patients that could be indicative a number of respiratory distress. Hence the breathing should be checked as well. The third assessment criteria in this assignment are checking the circulation of Mark. As this is an emergency case, hypovolemia or other cardiac condition can enforce the patient to go under shock. Hence to rule out any possibilities of impending cardiac arrest the circulation of the patient must be checked (Onakomaiya, Kruger, Highland, Kodosky, Pape, Roy, 2017). The fourth assessment technique uses the examination of any signs of disability in the patient. It has to be considered that the patient suffered a fall that rendered him senseless for a few minute, so possibilities of a stroke cannot be overlooked. Other than that any other fall injuries can also lead the patient to mobility distress for the time being (Tume Jinks, 2008). A frightening reason in emergency or critical health care that generates as a small concern but can complicate the condition of the patient easily is dehydration. According to the dehydration policy adapted by most of the health care facilities checking the patient for possible signs of dehydration is extremely important (Wu, 2016). Lastly the patient must be taken for a full body examination for presence of any physical manifestation like rashes, inflammation and redness. This is the last step of primary assessment and it will reveal vital information about the Mark. Respiratory care and interventions: Pulmonary complications are very common in any brain injury, as the patient has lost consciousness for a substantial amount of time after the fall the possibilities for brain tissue injury cannot be overlooked. As the patient is showing signs of internal tissue damage indicated by slurred speech and confusion. Mark should be provided respiratory assistance in he cannot breathe properly (Meng, 2016). In order to prevent the chances of the patient going through hypoxemia the oxygen supply must be maintained and the patient should be monitored diligently. It will stabilize Mark and minimize the risks for secondary neurological complications (Ribeiro dos Santos, de Carvalho Sousa, Oliveira Lima, Nadson de Sousa Ribeiro, de Arajo Madeira, da Silva Oliveira, 2016). Cardiovascular care and interventions: Traumatic brain injury can give rise to catecholamine storm, an excessive secretion from the adrenal glands that seriously affect the cardiac functions within our body. As Mark already has suffered a depressed occipital fracture with possibilities of minor brain injury the chance of cardiac and myocardial overload and oxygen demand should not be overlooked (Gitto, Arunkumar, Maiese, Bolino, 2015). If the patient shows any signs of neurogenic cardiovascular dysfunctions, administering arterial pressure will help in minimizing the after affects of a catecholamine storm, by administration of b-androgenic blocking agents that can limit the myocardial dysfunctions. After catecholamine storm subsides however an ECG should also be performed to rule out any chances of further complications. Furthermore Mark should be monitored every other hour for any signs of relapse of cardiac malfunctions for the rest of the day (Wu, 2016). Nutritional care and interventions: A depressed skull fracture and associated brain trauma can be turn detrimental to the health and wellbeing of the patient if proper care is not taken. Nutritional requirements can vary from patient to patient however in case of skull injury the nutritional priorities will include high calorie substation with high glucose proportions (Forbes, Reig, Tomycz, Tulipan, 2010). In case of any aftermath of trauma the metabolism rate is increased than the normal and the oxygen and glucose expenditure rate is also high. Care should e taken to compensate the rate of expenditure adequately. As mark has been showing signs of fatigue and lack of nutrition his nutritional requirement should be judged. In case he cannot take food with the normal route intravenous administration is advised. The nursing professional must ensure that patient receives glucose supplements that allow the calorie count of the patent to reach 2500Kcal as that can help the patient with seedy recovery. The patient should be monitored for any signs of blood glucose level drop periodically and should be checked for improvement in fatigue (Balak, Aslan, Serefhan, Elmaci, 2009). Neuromuscular care and electrolyte balance: A bran trauma associated to severe skull fracture can lead to neurogenic motor skill dysfunctions that can lead the patient incapable of movement. In order to treat and manage neuromuscular defect in the patient the very first step should be assessing the neuro-motor activities that the patient is still capable of (Morris, Kushner, Tiwana, 2012). As the patient has difficulty rousing it can be assumed that the patient is in need for adequate neuromuscular interventions. Neuromuscular blocking agents can serve the purpose of delimiting the chances of permanent neuromuscular damage and intracranial pressure can help as well in returning some of the motor skills (Sullivan, 2000). However intracranial pressure can lead to fatal consequences for patients with severe traumatic injuries hence discretion should be take to handle the administration delicately and with proper precautions (Balak, Aslan, Serefhan, Elmaci, 2009). Interventions to provide comfort and reassurance: A traumatic brain injury associated with depressed skull fracture can render the patient incapable of normal motor skills, confusion and lack of speech. In such a condition the patent has to depend completely on the dependence of the nursing professional. Dependency and incapability coupled with panic and stress can induce feelings of inhibition and irritation, hence the nursing professional has to ensure that the patient is comfortable at all times (Bell, Dierks, Brar, Potter, Potter, 2007). The intervention include having the patient under constant vigilance and monitoring, brain trauma patient are generally on different supportive clinical equipments that can malfunction at any time, hence the nurse must take that into consideration as well. Moreover the patient should be comfortably dressed and well hydrated to ensure hygienic and safe care practice. The nursing professionals must also be empathetic and supportive to the needs of the patients and the patient should be reassured periodically to keep him stable (Balak, Aslan, Serefhan, Elmaci, 2009). Communication with patient: It has to be considered that communicating with the patient leads to the best and most focussed patient centred care. In various health care research studies communication has been discovered to e one of the most vital and important sectors of treatment and nursing care. There are a lot of complications that can arise in a complicated health care setting for the patent as well as for the health care professional (Grant, Grinspun, Hernandez, 2010). Effective communication between the patent and the health care professionals will ensure that there is effective harmony in the planning and implementation of the treatment patterns. Apart from that studies suggest that engaging the patent in relaxed conversation increases their sense of involvement with the treatment and boosts their psychological recovery (Gitto, Arunkumar, Maiese, Bolino, 2015). Hence the communicational interventions of the nursing professional regarding the patient under consideration should include engaging the patent in active communication to build a mutually respectful relationship with the patient that will make him feel comfortable and reassured about his safety along with enabling him with confidence to share any grievances with the nursing professional (Sullivan, 2000). Venous thrombosis prophylaxis: In any case of brain trauma, the risk of the patent developing venous thrombosis is very high. In case the patient under consideration faces any risk to VTE, the intervention should not be delayed at any circumstances. The most abundantly used intervention for VTE include mechanical compression prophylaxis technique (Damkliang, Considine, Kent, Street, 2016). In this technique the various compression devices are used to relieve the blood statis and increase the venous outflow in leg veins. One of them most popular and abundantly used technique for this is compassion stockings that are more effective and with much lesser side effects. Apart from that the patient can also be administered with unfractionated heparin in case the mechanical prophylaxis dose not elicit any results (Mitchell, Kirkness, Blissitt, 2015). Infection control: In case of brain injury patients infection is a common occurrence, with respiratory support they are more likely to develop respiratory tract infections. Interventions to avoid respiratory tract infections in the patient periodic suctioning should be done to ensure that the mucous accumulation in the airways does not lead to any infection and complete oral care should be taken with antimicrobial agents like chlorehexin so that the risk to infection can be overcome (Tume Jinks, 2008). Skin care and general hygiene: General skin care and hygiene can go a long way in patient care, hence the nursing professional should take adequate actions to encourage safe and hygienic stay in the heath care setting. Using antimicrobial washes and sponge bath technique the patent should be properly cared for. Daily excretory hygiene should also be diligently followed (Ladanyi Elliott, 2008). Bladder care: Brain injury can alter the bladder and bowel movements in the patients, and as Mark, the patient under consideration for this assignment is aging, the chances of him developing dysfunctional bladder are high (Balak, Aslan, Serefhan, Elmaci, 2009). The interventions should include cleaning the bladder periodically to keep his kidneys healthy. As the patient is incapable of movement the bladder can be cleaned with a catheter, attached to a drainage bag. The nursing professional should clean out the bladder by intermittent catheterization and proper cleaning techniques (Coco, Tossavainen, Jskelinen, Turunen, 2012). Dressing and wound care: As the patient has experienced skull fracture due to a fall the dressing care of his wild should not be treated lightly. The dressing should be changed during every bath in a scientific and hygienic manner. Care should be taken that the wound is not contaminated at any circumstances. If there is any tender point or press palpate site in the skull fracture wound, care should be taken so that the delicate skin does not bleed. Furthermore the gauge should be removed twice a day at the least to eliminate any risk of wound infection (Tam, McKay, Sloan, Ponsford, 2015). Communication with relatives: A quality patient centred care is incomplete without taking into consideration the preferences of the patient and their families. Facilitating active and effective communication with the patient family can ensure that there is a harmonious and mutually respectful relationship between both parties. Along with that care should be taken that the patient and his family is adequately informed about the severity of the patients conditions and the treatment procedures planned (Coco, Tossavainen, Jskelinen, Turunen, 2012) . Ethical and legal health care practice compliant with all the legislations enforced by regulatory health care authorities ensures consent and proper patient documentation to be essential in any treatment procedure. Hence it is essential that the nursing professional informs the family about the severity of the patients health conditions and discuss the relevance and effectiveness in the treatment procedure prior to administration of any treatment techniques and methods (Coco, Tossavainen, Jskelinen, Turunen, 2012). Conclusion: Nursing care is vital for any health care concern, irrespective of the severity and complications associated with it. In the face of contemporary health care outfitted with specialized multidisciplinary teams, nursing care is viewed as the most important link between the different disciplines. Without a functional nursing activity the continuum of the treatment procedure dependent upon different disciplines will be compromised. Without proper and effective transmittance of nursing cafe the ultimate goal of patent centred care can never be achieved. On a concluding note it can be stated that a traumatic brain injury due to a severe depressed occipital fracture can lead to a variety of complications within a very short period of time. Hence a health care concern like that demands a interdisciplinary and extensive nursing care. This situation enlightens us about the need of extensive skills and knowledge that is required for comprehensive nursing care in the current scenario of health and safety. Hence the nursing professionals should enhance their skills and expand their knowledge taking the assistance of evidence based practice. A reflective and integrated practice like based on practical evidences allows the nurses to determine the cause for complication and administer required intervention is a very systematic and scientific manner. Evidence based practice in health care has strengthened the patient centred care exponentially and it can be hoped that it will continue to benefit heath care in the future as well. Bibliography Balak, N., Aslan, B., Serefhan, A., Elmaci, I. (2009). Intracranial retained stone after depressed skull fracture: problems in the initial diagnosis. American Journal Of Forensic Medicine Pathology , 198-200. Bell, R., Dierks, E., Brar, P., Potter, J., Potter, B. (2007). A protocol for the management of frontal sinus fractures emphasizing sinus preservation. Journal Of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery , 825-839. Coco, K., Tossavainen, K., Jskelinen, J., Turunen, H. (2012). Providing informational support to the families of TBI patients: a survey of nursing staff in Finland. British Journal Of Neuroscience Nursing , 337-345. Damkliang, J., Considine, J., Kent, B., Street, M. (2016). Initial emergency nursing management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: Development of an evidence-based care bundle for the Thai emergency department context. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal , 152-160. FABIANO, R., SHARRARD, S. (2017). REHABILITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOLLOWING MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. Journal Of Nurse Life Care Planning , 26-34. Forbes, J., Reig, A., Tomycz, L., Tulipan, N. (2010). Intracranial hypertension caused by a depressed skull fracture resulting in superior sagittal sinus thrombosis in a pediatric patient: treatment with ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion. Journal Of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, , 23-28. Gitto, L., Arunkumar, P., Maiese, A., Bolino, G. (2015). A simple depressed skull fracture in an old man with Paget disease: forensic implications in a rare case. Medicine, Science The Law, , 44-49. Grant, A., Grinspun, D., Hernandez, C. (2010). The revision of a workload measurement tool reflect the nursing needs of patients with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Nursing , 306-354. Ladanyi, S., Elliott, D. (2008). Traumatic brain injury: an integrated clinical case presentation and literature review: part I: assessment and initial management. Australian Critical Care , 86-95. Lee, B., E., H., Poppell, M. (2010). Facial fractures take a special kind of nursing care. Nursing, , 42-46. Meng, X. . (2016). Traumatic Brain Injury Patients With a Glasgow Coma Scale Score of 8, Cerebral Edema, and/or a Basal Skull Fracture are More Susceptible to Developing Hyponatremia. Traumatic Brain Injury Patients With a Glasgow Coma Scale Score of 8, Cerebral Edema, and/or a Basal Skull Fracture are More Susceptible to Developing Hyponatremia , 21-26. Mitchell, P. H., Kirkness, C., Blissitt, P. A. (2015). Cerebral Perfusion Pressure and Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Review Of Nursing Research, , 111-183. Morris, C., Kushner, G., Tiwana, P. (2012). Facial skeletal trauma in the growing patient. Oral Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics Of North America , 351-364. Onakomaiya, M. M., Kruger, S. E., Highland, K. B., Kodosky, P. N., Pape, M. M., Roy, M. J. (2017). Expanding Clinical Assessment for Traumatic Brain Injury and Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Retrospective Analysis of Virtual Environment Tasks in the Computer-Assisted Rehabilitation Environment. Military Medicine , Military Medicine. Ribeiro dos Santos, A. M., de Carvalho Sousa, M. E., Oliveira Lima, L., Nadson de Sousa Ribeiro, N., de Arajo Madeira, M. Z., da Silva Oliveira, A. D. (2016). THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. Journal Of Nursing UFPE , 3960-3968. Sullivan, J. (2000). Positioning of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: research-based practice. Journal Of Neuroscience Nursing , 204-209. Tam, S., McKay, A., Sloan, S., Ponsford, J. (2015). The experience of challenging behaviours following severe TBI: A family perspective. Brain Injury , 813-821. Tume, L., Jinks, A. (2008). Endotracheal suctioning in children with severe traumatic brain injury: a literature review. Nursing In Critical Care , 232-240. Wu, H. Z. (2016). Feasibility of three-dimensional ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T for the diagnosis of skull fractures. European Radiology , 138-146.

Othello And Iago Essays (1500 words) - Othello, Iago, Michael Cassio

Othello And Iago "I am not what I am." What is Iago? -- as distinct from what he pretends to be -- and what are his motives? In Shakespeare's, Othello, the reader is presented the classic battle between the deceitful forces of evil and the innocence of good. It are these forces of evil that ultimately lead to the breakdown of Othello, a noble venetian moor, well-known by the people of Venice as a honourable soldier and a worthy leader. Othello's breakdown results in the muder of his wife Desdemona. Desdemona is representative of the good in nature. Good can be defined as forgiving, honest, innocent and unsuspecting. The evil contained within Othello is by no means magical or mythical yet is represented by the character Iago. Iago is cunning, untrustworthy, selfish, and plotting. He uses these traits to his advantage by slowly planning his own triumph while watching the demise of others. It is this that is Iago's motivation. The ultimate defeat of good by the wrath of evil. Not only is it in his own nature of evil that he suceeds but also in the weaknesses of the other characters. Iago uses the weaknesses of Othello, specifically jealousy and his devotion to things as they seem, to conquer his opposite in Desdemona. From the start of the play, Iago's scheming ability is shown when he convinces Roderigo to tell about Othello and Desdemonda's elopement to Desdemona's father, Brabantio. Confidentally Iago continues his plot successfully, making fools of others, and himself being rewarded. Except Roderigo, no one is aware of Iago's plans. This is because Iago pretends to be an honest man loyal to his superiors. The fact that Othello himself views Iago as trustworthy and honest gives the evil within Iago a perfect unsuspecting victim for his schemes. The opportunity to get to Desdemona through Othello is one temptation that Iago cannot refuse. He creates the impression that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio in order to stir the jealousy within Othello. It is this jealousy and the ignorance of Othello that lead to the downfall of Desdemona; the one truely good natured character in the play. As the play opens we are immediately introduced to the hostility of Iago against Othello. Iago has been appointed the position of servant to Othello instead of the more prestigous position of lieutenant. Michael Cassio has been appointed this position. Iago feels betrayed because he considers him self more qualified than Cassio to serve as lieutenant. Iago then foreshadows his plans for Othello to Roderigo, "O, sir, content you. / I follow him to serve my turn upon him (Act I, Scene I)". Iago already realizes that Othello thinks about him as an honest man. Roderigo is used by Iago as an apprentence and someone to do his "dirty" work. Roderigo is naively unsuspecting. As the play shifts from Venice to Cyprus there is an interesting contrast. Venice, a respectful and honourable town is overshadowed by the war torn villages of Cyprus. It could be said that Venice represents good or specfically Desdemona and that Cyprus represents evil in Iago. Desdemona has been taken from her peacefullness and brought onto the grounds of evil. Iago commits his largest acts of deceit in Cyprus, fittingly considering the atmosphere. Ironically, the venetians feel the Turks are their only enemy while in fact Iago is in hindsight the one man who destroys their stable state. Act II Scene III shows Iago's willing ability to manipulate characters in the play. Iago convinces Montano to inform Othello of Cassio's weakness for alchohol hoping this would rouse disatisfaction by Othello. Iago when forced to tell the truth against another character does so very suspiciously. He pretends not to offend Cassio when telling Othello of the fight Cassio was involved in, but Iago secretly wants the worst to become of Cassio's situation without seeming responsible. Cassio is relieved of his duty as lieutenant. With Cassio no longer in the position of lieutenant, this gives Iago the opportunity to more effectively interact with and manipulate Othello. By controlling Othello, Iago would essentially control Desdemona. To reach Desdemona directly is unforseeable for Iago considering that Othello is superior to him. It is for this reason that Iago decides to exploit Othello. If Iago can turn Othello against his own wife he will have defeated his opposition. Act III Scene III, is very important because it is the point in the play where Iago begins to establish his manipulation of Othello. Cassio feels that it is necessary to seek the

The Planet Saturn essays

The Planet Saturn essays Less than one-third the mass of Jupiter, Saturn is still an enormous planet. Saturn has a mass of about 95 Earths and has a very rapid rotation rate. Because its rotation rate is so rapid, it has an obvious oblateness. This oblateness is caused by a outward push at the middle, from the spin rate, causing a large bulge at the planet's equator and a flattening at the planet's pole regions. Saturn is well known for having more moons than any other planet in our solar system and a spectacular ring system. At least 20 moons have been spotted to date. Their reflective light suggest that most are covered with snow and ice and are probably made almost entirely of water ice. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is the most intriguing of all Saturn's moons because of its gigantic chemical content. Scientists believe that the atmosphere on Titan may be the same as that of Earth's some billions years ago which eventually led to life on Earth and thus, possibly future life on Titan. The most obvious feature of Saturn, is its planetary ring system. Saturn has 7 main ring sections labeled A thru G. These ring sections consist of over 3,000 individual rings of various sizes, shapes, and compositions. Between some of the ring sections appears to be a "gap", but actually contains some ring material within it. This "gap", is known as Cassini Division, and lies between ring sections A and B. A smaller gap, known as Encke Division, is found in the outer part of ring section A. Of the three main ring sections, B is the brightest, followed by A, and then by the almost translucent C section. Saturn is visibly flattened (oblate) when viewed through a small telescope; its equatorial and polar diameters vary by almost 10% (120,536 km vs. 108,728 km). This is the result of its rapid rotation and fluid state. The other gas planets are also oblate, but not so much so. Saturn is the least dense of the planets; its specific gravity (0.7) is less than that of ...

How well does 'conservative' describe Burke's political philosophy Essay

How well does 'conservative' describe Burke's political philosophy - Essay Example In a short biography published in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (2004) it is stated that ‘British statesman, parliamentary orator, and political thinker prominent in public life from 1765 to about 1795 and important in the history of political theory; he championed conservatism in opposition to Jacobinism in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)’ (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2004) . In fact, the support of conservatism by Burke was clear. However, as already stated above it was because such a view was not clearly expressed that Burke was not considered to be a supporter of conservatism. Towards the above direction, it is noticed by Parkin (1956, 1) that ‘it is commonly affirmed that the peculiar genius of Burke lay in his capacity to contemplate the sphere of politics under the aspect of moral law, to reach out for the unchanging principles of morality in the contingencies of political action’. In other words, Burke was actively involved in politics. H owever, his participation was not direct; he kept on writing (and publishing) his views trying to influence the development of specific political and social ideas within the British society. In other countries also his work influenced the philosophical thought; this influence was not catalytic, i.e. his ideas were hardly adopted in their full content; they were more likely to be used for the justification of theories and principles that referred to morality and political framework in that particular period. It is for this reason that Parkin notices: ‘yet the study of his political thought hardly seems to have accorded the moral question the priority which it deserves; if, in Burkes opinion, the principles of true politics are those of morality enlarged, the most important question to ask about Burke must be what precisely, for him, the principles of morality were’ (Parkin, 1956, 1). In accordance with the above view, one of the main weaknesses of Burke’s theories has

Community 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community 2 - Essay Example It is important to acknowledge that resources are always. Otherwise, the available resources can be used to produce good services when used properly. The hospital under study has a number of critical issues. The approach given towards realizing solutions is important. The death of Mr. B could be controlled if the hospital could implement relevant policies. It is necessary to appreciate the existence of the hospital in the rural area. Accessibility to the nearest health center has been a challenge to many communities. The next issue is whether the rural hospitals have enough resources to handle tasks. Rural hospitals act as supplements for well established hospitals. For instance, the unit can only accommodate 60 beds. It only handles emergencies which should then be referred to big hospitals (Holzemer, 2012). Embracing quality leadership skills is helping in ensuring that the hospital operates successfully in order to avoid such as Mr. B’s. Despite the fact that the hospital is in a rural area, it could handle if proper it took proper measures into account. The hospital lacked adequate mechanism to diagnose Mr. B’s problem. It either failed to give him attention at first or was not responsible to handle him. Mr. B complained of severe pain to his leg. The initial results could not justify his feelings. The hospital did not give the patent a proper response to the pains that he was claiming about (Holzemer, 2012). Hospitals and emergency units would use the right mechanisms when responding to issues. The hospital culture can be blamed for worsening of the patient’s situation at the facility. Leadership quality functions to implement policies that enable an organization to produce efficient services. The management needs to apply the right skills in ensuring that the hospital meets the needs of the community. The case reveals that some problems are caused by patents. People should be in the forefront of caring for their lives. It is upon a

Behaviour through a lifespan perspective

Behaviour through a lifespan perspective What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour through a lifespan perspective for social work practice? This assignment will look at the advantages and disadvantages a social worker viewing behaviour through a lifespan perspective may encounter. It will look at developmental theories that relate to the chosen service user group, and how, as a social worker, this knowledge would increase understanding of the service user and how this in turn may affect the role of a social worker in practice. The service users age group being explored in this assignment will be older adults aged from 65+. Lifespan development starts from conception and finishes with the death of each individual. During each individuals lifespan there are constant changes and developments taking place, the majority of stages and life changes each individual passes through are due to their common psychological and biological heritage as humans and are shared by all people. Culture and social class, and the individuals environment are all factors that help shape the course of development (Niven. N.1989). There are five main theoretical approaches for lifespan development; these are biological, cognitive, humanist, behaviourist and the psychodynamic approach. Ageing in late life is shaped by the accumulation of life events and the proximity of death; a misperception about ageing is that disability and poor health in later adult life are inevitable (Davies, M, 2002). During each individuals lifespan, they will experience a series of crises and life transitions. Throughout the lifespan there are certain periods or stages where each individual will face a transition from one state to another. These periods have been referred to as life crises by some psychologists, each crisis needing to be resolved in order to progress to the next stage. Each individual proceeds through the stages of development, and the way in which they deal with each crisis in each stage of development shapes their personality (Niven, N, 1989). Other approaches agree that there are certain stages in development that have significance for each individual, but they state that there are also other events that can also shape development these being experienced by some indiv iduals but not all. Retirement is just one of a number of changes that need to be adjusted to in late adulthood, among the others are declining health and physical strength along with physical and sensory impairment which can result in increased dependency on others in late adulthood (Beckett.C.2002). Several physical and cognitive changes also take place in old age (Bee Mitchell, 1984) cited in (Sugarman. L. 1990. Pg 53). The bodily changes that are associated with ageing are summarized in five words- slower, weaker, lesser, fewer and smaller. As ageing occurs experience gained throughout the lifespan helps the individual and they learn to compensate for the many gradual declines that accompany old age. (Corse 1975) cited in (Sugarman. L. 1990. Pg 53) concludes that experience, intelligence, and education can help maintain normal perceptual and sensory functioning. Many changes in appearance take place in old age. Outward appearances begin to show ageing, older peoples skin begins to lose elasticity, which causes lines and wrinkles to appear, hair loss and grey hair may be one of the first signs of ageing, and hearing and eye sight now begin to deteriorate (Windmill.V.1987). Internally the kidneys, lungs, heart and intestinal tract all begin to function less and there may be deterioration of muscles which can literally cause old people to shrink. The reduction of calcium in the bones makes the old person more prone to fractures and brittleness of the bones is also a problem in the older population. Arthritis is one of the more serious health problems affecting older people and for most people these changes may be gradual (Windmill.V.1987). A social worker needs the basic insight of childhood studies, as without them it would be difficult to assess adults on adulthood theories alone. Freud is credited with beginning the psychoanalytic approach. The central assumption of this approach is that behaviour is governed by the unconscious as well as the conscious processes; some are present at birth while others develop over time. (Beckett.C.2002) The second assumption of the psychoanalytic theory is that our personalities have a structure that develops over time. Freud proposed three parts of the personality- the id, the ego, and the superego. Freuds key assumptions were that adults personalities depend on childhood experiences; he assumed children go through five psychosexual stages. The first being the oral stage, the second the anal stage, and the remaining stages being the phallic stage, the latency period and the genital stage. (Beckett.C.2002). When looking at human lifespan development, Erik Eriksons theories can be of use to a social worker. Erikson was a student of Freud; however he had some very different ideas. He thought development was psychosocial and due partly to maturation and partly due to society. Erikson also thought that personality development continued across the lifespan, unlike Freud, who suggest personality development finished in adolescence. Erikson (1980) cited in (Niven, N, 1989, pg 155) proposed eight stages of development which he called developmental crises, these being viewed more as a period of difficulty or dilemma. They are times when individuals face a turning point or transition in their lives often involving a degree of stress associated with having to resolve each dilemma. Not only do these transitions of change affect the individuals behaviour they also affect their family and friends. Eriksons stages are phrased in terms of an opposition between two characteristics and each individual mu st successfully negotiate the task or stage in order to be able to move on to the next one. Erikssons eighth stage (late adulthood) is integrity vs despair; this suggests if the individual has managed to negotiate the previous stages, then the individual will have developed a sense of integrity. This refers to the acceptance of the limitations of life, with the sense of being a part of a larger whole which includes previous generations. It enables the individual to approach death without fear, if one looks back on ones life and sees it as unsatisfactory, despair occurs and a feeling of what if prevails. Erikson suggests that at each transition individuals may need to revisit unresolved issues from previous stages. The main strength of Eriksons theory is that it offers a framework for explaining changes in childhood and adulthood. His work has been criticised in that it represents a set of assumptions instead of precise descriptions of relationships and causes. A disadvantage here is the lack of empirical evidence- this is also another criticism of Eriksons work. The advantages for a social worker using Eriksons theory is that it provides markers for those events in a service users life that may be proving difficult and in using this approach, social workers can highlight the problems that are likely to affect people during specific stages of their life. (Niven. N. 1989). An area of life course development most associated with older adults relates to end of life issues. In the later stages of adulthood the end of life is expected. Death is the end of biological and physical functioning of the body. Factors to be taken in to account for social workers working with service users who have suffered a loss, are gender and cultural differences, as these can affect a social workers understanding of what may count as a loss and what in turn can be done about it (Currer. C 2007). Each individuals reaction to grief and emotional trauma is as unique as a fingerprint. When thinking about bereavement and loss it is useful to look at attachment theory, Bowlbys (1946) cited in (Davies, M, 2002), major work was Attachment and Loss; sadly it is the case for many individuals in later adulthood that there is a price to pay for the benefits of forming attachments. According to Bowlbys attachment theory adults, who as children had secure attachments with their carers, are able to form satisfactory relationships in adult life and this will help them to cope with the pain of bereavement in later life. Bowlbys aim of this originally was to explain the consequences for personality development and how severe disruption of attachments between infant and mother could have negative effects on development. (Butterworth. H. Harris. M. 2002). Adults who did not have secure attachments as children can be identified, according to Howe (1995) cited in (Davies, M, 2002), who suggests that avoidant individuals are the ones who show self reliance. They may display delayed reactions to grief, they attempt to be emotionally self reliant and are wary of forming relationships. This means the loss of someone who is close to them usually triggers defence mechanisms- they may not cry or appear to be upset but are vulnerable to future losses. Exaggerated reactions to grief can be accounted for when the individual has not adjusted or come to terms with earlier loss of an im portant attachment relationship. On the other hand ambivalently attached individuals may experience self-blame and guilt when their partner dies. Where there has been an insecure attachment in childhood (an attachment that does not meet the childs needs- the need for safety and security etc) Bowlby (1998) cited in (Beckett. C. 2006) suggests the anxious child will try to protect themselves against anxious situations. The child uses a variety of psychological manoeuvres and this results in what Bowlby called a faulty working model of themselves and of other relationships. To maintain this model the child will use defensive exclusion to avoid feelings that may threaten the childs already precarious stability. Attachment theory is backed up by empirical evidence. This is beneficial as it can help social workers identify causes from an individuals past and this helps to provide explanations for present behaviours and their ability to deal with change (Beckett. C.2006). Each individuals reaction to grief and emotional trauma are as unique as a fingerprint. When looking at loss it is important to remember that older people may lose friends, abilities, connections and many other things that are important to them. The significance of grief and loss in old age is dismissed by the ageist stereotype that older people will be used to loss because they are at an age where they have experienced lots of it. However the reality is that loss can be cumulative at this age and this results in negative experiences for those whose loss or grief is not recognized or addressed (Thompson.N. et al. 2008). It is important that social workers take a holistic approach to understanding life course development in older adults, as life course is central to any understanding of ageing. A social worker should be aware that an individuals life experiences and life course developments are affected by several factors- these include economic and social aspects, historical, cultural, psychological, and cognitive and physiological influences. (Crawford, K, Walker, J, 2007). All transitions expected or unexpected, sudden and unplanned, present opportunities and challenges for the individuals development and growth. Each individual will have different experiences of transitions even when the life event is common to many in society, each person will respond and adapt to that change in a unique way. (Crawford, K, Walker, J, 2007). There are disadvantages for social workers when viewing individuals through a lifespan perspective as most of the theories being used are Euro centric (European studies) and cannot be applied to all cultures. As a social worker care must be taken when using any of the behavioural approaches as they raise the issues concerning the use of power and oppression. The social worker should not focus too much on narrow behavioural issues at the expense of the larger picture (Beckett.C.2006). It is in a social workers interest not to oppress or discriminate service users but to treat them with unconditional positive regard, not forgetting to treat each service user as an individual with their own opinions and values. The theories used do have limitations as not all individuals or cultures fit the suggested norms and each person develops at a different rate. As a social worker knowing about the different viewpoints from theorists and their suggested viewpoints may enable a better understanding of what problems a service user may be experiencing. When working with service users from any age range, it is important that the social worker does not influence these transitions with their own life experiences. References Beckett.C.(2006).Essential Theory for Social Work Practice. Sage Publications Ltd. London. Beckett.C. (2002). Human Growth Development. Sage Publications Ltd. London. Bee.H. Boyd. H. (2003) 3rd Ed. Lifespan development. Pearson Education Inc. Boston. USA Butterworth. G. and Harris. M. (2002). Developmental Psychology. A Students Handbook. Psychology Press Ltd. Hove. East Sussex. Crawford. K. Walker. J. (2007) 2nd Ed, Social Work and Human Development. Learning Matters Ltd. Exeter. Currer. C. (2007). Loss and Social Work. Learning Matters Ltd. Exeter. Davies. M. (2002) 2nd Ed. The Blackwell Companion to Social Work. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Oxford. Niven. N. (1989) Health Psychology. An Introduction for Nurses other Health Care Professionals. Churchill Livingstone. Sugarman. L. (1990). Lifespan development. Concepts, Theories and Interventions. Routledge. London. Thompson.N. Thompson. S. (2008) The Social work Companion. Palgrave Macmillan. Basingstoke. Windmill.V. (1987). Human Growth Development. Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. Kent.

Essay --

The battle for customers has brought personal computer prices temptingly low. Which kind of computer is better for the business user to buy--an Apple or a PC that runs Microsoft Windows software? Used to be simple to pick a personal computer for home use but if people wanted a simple software computer that would be Mac. If you needed lots of cheap computing power for complicated tasks, or didn't care so much about user-friendliness, you bought an IBM-style PC. Since PC have a more compatible system hardware makes it more versatile but vulnerable to malware and viruses but Mac and PC users are safer after installing up-to-date antivirus software. Since PC is a better personal computer to run small businesses because of the power to managed the information and storing it . Mac and PC are really similar to each other, but the price differs because of the named of the brand but PC are not bound by one company. it has alternative companies creating the hardware that’s why PC's are cheap. Research conducted by David Kirkpatrick indicates that Pc has 47% of machines and still growing, but Mac's has only 11% of computer, we could argue which computer has better quality but Mac could reduce the value of their computers to acquire the same quality of a PC. PC Different OEMs and even custom build PCs might not have the suitable drivers released for every components in each OS version, incompatibles, lagging may occur. Maybe cannot reach expected performance.Since Apple manufactures all updates, hardware and software Mac's run smoothly and stable performance. Custom build PC's are the ones that create most of the problems in home computers, but manufactures that sell PC's to customers don’t bring any kind of problems with their compat... ...g the Mac fans. It also leaves Apple remarkably vulnerable when innovations go wrong - the ill-fated Cube placed the company in deep trouble, taking them out of the market and wasting a lot of money on a system that’s doesn’t work so well. this also applies for games since Mac doesn’t support too many games making them drop their market really low when it comes to gaming. Personal Computers are design for home and business use, Pc are simple, affordable and upgradable making them really versatile to any used on a home. Computers are a part of our daily life making Mac are useless for personal computing. PC PRO a specialize website that reviews the Pros and Cons about computers. Many reviews from this website say that Mac is only great for media purposes. Also PC is the most familiar computer in the world making the customers feel comfortable with their purchase.

To what extent was the treaty of Versailles

To what extent was the treaty of Versailles motivated by anti-German feeling? sy Rewaj123 Without doubt it is clear that some of the countries held great antiGerman feelings during and after the war. Especially France, they held the highest lack of remorse against the Germans. Whereas countries such as the United Kingdom and the USA wanted majority peace throughout Europe and felt that peace was the main objective rather than annexation of land etc.It is fundamentally clear that Frances ideas ursued in the treaty was solely based on anti German feelings, They wanted to annex the Rhineland and, even worse, the coal production would be given to France with reparations On top Of that. 3y taking their coal supply Germany will crumble. They already Owe money from the war originally and With no money coming in, due to the coal annexation, the country Will have little income'industry.Consequently Germany Will not be able to deal With all these problems and cease to exist as a countr',q With France this is ultimately about the anti-German feelings seeing as hough Germany tried major annexation of land and a takeover of France, the feelings are completely understandable. Also one could argue that (article 231) the war guilt clause was also triggered by anti-German feelings. They knew that the clause would cause extreme unrest In Germany and due to the blame Germany would have this would seriously affect the country as a whole, In the long-term.Britain developed a growing sympathy tor Germany whereas France thought It was being too lenient. However It was also the situation created by the war that shaped the term of the treaty and not just anti-German feeling. It should be mentioned that it wasnt Just Germany but Austria-Hungary and Turkey also had to sign treaties, which shows It Isnt solely about antiGerman feelings. Plus the treaty has to sufficiently appease the other countries so German consequences were also inevitable. Personally I think that the French ideas were motivated with antiGerman feelings but the other countries wanted what was best for theirs.

Definition and Examples of Gradatio in Rhetoric

Gradatio is a  rhetorical term for a sentence construction in which the last word(s) of one clause becomes the first of the next, through three or more clauses (an extended form of anadiplosis). Gradatio has been described as the marching or climbing figure of speech. Also known as  incrementum and the marching figure (Puttenham) Jeanne Fahnestock points out that gradatio could be described as one of the patterns of topic/comment or given/new organization identified by 20th-century text linguists, where the new information closing one clause becomes the old information opening the next (Rhetorical Figures in Science, 1999). Etymology From the Latin, gradationem ascent by steps; a climax. Examples Martin Luther King, Jr: Men often hate each other because they fear each other; they fear each other because they dont know each other; they dont know each other because they can not communicate; they can not communicate because they are separated. E.B. White, Stuart Little: In the loveliest town of all, where the houses were white and high and the elms trees were green and higher than the houses, where the front yards were wide and pleasant and the back yards were bushy and worth finding out about, where the streets sloped down to the stream and the stream flowed quietly under the bridge, where the lawns ended in orchards and the orchards ended in fields and the fields ended in pastures and the pastures climbed the hill and disappeared over the top toward the wonderful wide sky, in this loveliest of all towns Stuart stopped to get a drink of sarsaparilla. Barack Obama: One voice can change a room. And if it can change a room, it can change a city. And if it can change a city, it can change a state. And if it can change a state, it can change a nation. And if it can change a nation, it can change a world. Russell Lynes: The only graceful way to accept an insult is to ignore it; if you cant ignore it, top it; if you cant top it, laugh at it; if you cant laugh at it, its probably deserved. Paul, Romans 5:3: We glory in tribulations also: knowing that tribulation worketh patience; and patience, experience; and experience, hope: and hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us. Vivian, The Decay of Lying: She abandoned religion for mesmerism, mesmerism for politics, and politics for the melodramatic excitements of philanthropy. William Paley: Design must have had a designer. That designer must have been a person. That person is GOD. Rosalind, As You Like It: [F]or your brother and my sister no sooner met but they looked; no sooner looked but they loved; no sooner loved but they sighed; no sooner sighed but they asked one another the reason; no sooner knew the reason but they sought the remedy; and in these degrees have they made a pair of stairs to marriage which they will climb incontinent, or else be incontinent before marriage... Pronunciation: gra-DA-see-o