Development of Education in Kenya

1. 0 INTRODUCTION2 1. 1 Definition of terms3 1. 2 Background information4 1. 2. 1 Pre-pioneer education4 1. 2. 2 Post provincial instruction in Kenya (Neocolonialism)4 1. 3 National Aims/Goals of Education in Kenya6 1. 4 Structure of education6 1. 4. 1 Early Childhood Development and Education7 1. 4. 2 Primary education8 1. 4. 3 Secondary education9 1. 4. 4 Teacher Education9 1. 4. 5 Tertiary Education10 1. 4. 6 University education11 1. 5 Administration system11 1. 5. 1 Permanent secretary11 1. 5. 2 Finance and organization Division12 1. 5. 3 Directorate of Education12 . 5. 4 Field Service Education Officers13 2. 0 CHALLENGES FACING THE FORMAL EDUCATION IN KENYA14 2. 1 Recommendations to the Challenge of Education in Kenya17 3. 0 Conclusion18 3. 1 References. 19 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The arrangement of instruction and preparing to all Kenyans is key to the achievement of the Government’s generally speaking advancement methodology. To start with, the drawn out target of the Govern ment is to give each Kenyan essential quality instruction and preparing, including 2 years of pre-essential, 8 years of essential and 4 years of optional/specialized training. Instruction additionally targets improving the capacity of Kenyans to safeguard and use the earth for beneficial increase and economical employments. Second, improvement of value human asset is fundamental to the achievement of national objectives for mechanical turn of events. Third, the acknowledgment of general access to essential instruction and preparing guarantees fair access to instruction and preparing for all kids, including impeded and powerless gatherings. Fourth, training is vital for the turn of events and security of fair establishments and human rights. Consequently, this paper targets depicting the advancement of formal instruction in Kenya. It will as a matter of first importance investigate formal training in pre-pioneer period. It will at that point show how various commissions have added to the advancement of formal instruction in post-pilgrim time. The paper will likewise reveal insight into the national objectives of training, the structure of instruction and account framework in each degree of training through government activities. Also, it will investigate the organization of the instruction framework lastly talk about the different difficulties confronting the training segment and their suggestions. 1. 1 Definition of terms Education According to Sifuna and Otiende (1992) training is the way toward securing beneficial amassed information, aptitudes mentalities and qualities starting with one age then onto the next. Starting here of view thusly, training is intended to show an understudy how to carry on with his life by building up his psyche and furnishing him to manage reality. Formal as characterized by Webster Dictionary is â€Å"relating to or including the outward structure, structure, connections, or course of action of components instead of content†. It might likewise mean after or agreeing with set up structure, custom or rule. Formal instruction conventional instruction program is the way toward preparing and creating individuals in information, abilities, psyche and character in an organized and confirmed program. The highlights of formal instruction incorporate Classrooms, educators, understudies, substance and others (Sifuna and Otiende, 1992). 1. 2 Background data 1. . 1 Pre-pilgrim training Sifuna, Chege and Oanda (2006) see that chronicled records uncover that Kenyans approached instruction as far back as Johann Ludwing Krapf and Johannes Rebman. Formal training was acquainted essentially with advance evangelism yet later on it become an instrument for creation of talented work for the Europeans ranches and administrative staff for prov incial organization. The teachers decided the kind of instruction African needed to have †they assembled schools, oversaw them decided the educational program and impacted training approaches. Everything began in 1846 with the congregation preacher society (CMS) setting up a school at Rabai the Coast territory and others across Kenya, for example, Friend school Kaimosi (1903), Maseno school (1906), Jamhuri secondary school (1906), Europeans young ladies, Kenya secondary school (1908), Mangu secondary school (1925) and others. During that time training in Africa, Kenyan included was delineated on racial lines in issues of framework structure, educational programs and assets. For instance, the Europeans framework had a pper hand asset, its educational program depended on British conventions, Arabs and Asians framework came next. Africans arranged adolescents to take a shot at Europeans ranches. 1. 2. 2 Post pilgrim instruction in Kenya (Neocolonialism) Sifuna and Otiende (1992) noticed that racial isolation was abrogated in 1960 as the nation drew nearer to autonomy. With the fulfillment of freedom on twelfth December, 1963;- a service of training was made. The educational s ystem in Kenya was brought under a confined standard educational plan and open assessments. Since freedom, the Government has tended to difficulties confronting the training part through Commissions, Committees and Taskforces. The principal Commission, after autonomy, thought of the Report of the Kenya Education Commission (The Ominde Report, 1964) that looked to change the training framework acquired from the pilgrim government to make it increasingly receptive to the requirements of autonomous Kenya. The Commission proposed an instruction framework that would encourage national solidarity and the production of adequate human capital for national turn of events. Sessional Paper No: 10 of 1965 on African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya officially received the Ominde Report as a reason for post-autonomy instructive turn of events. The Report of the National Committee on Educational Objectives and Policies (The Gachathi Report, 1976), concentrated on reclassifying Kenya’s instructive strategies and targets, offering thought to national solidarity, and financial, social and social desires of the individuals of Kenya. It brought about Government support for ‘Harambee’ schools and furthermore prompted foundation of the National Center for Early Childhood Education (NACECE) at the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE). The Report of the Presidential Working Party on the Second University in Kenya (The Mackay Report, 1981) prompted the expulsion of the propelled (A) level of auxiliary instruction, and the extension of other post-optional preparing foundations. Notwithstanding the foundation of Moi University, it additionally suggested the foundation of the 8:4:4 arrangement of instruction and the Commission for Higher Education (CHE). It expanded the school educational plan with accentuations on pre-professional and specialized abilities (Republic of Kenya, 1981). The Report of the Presidential Working Party on Education and Manpower preparing (1988) concentrated on improving instruction financing, quality and importance. This Manpower Training for the Next Decade and Beyond (The Kamunge Report) was the point at which the Government conspire for the arrangement of instructional materials through the National Textbook Scheme was wasteful and accordingly antagonistically influenced the nature of educating and learning. From the proposals of the Working Party in 1988, the Government created Sessional Paper No 6 on Education and Training for the Next Decade and Beyond. This prompted the approach of cost sharing between government, guardians and networks. The Commission of Inquiry into the Education System of Kenya (The Koech Report, 2000) was commanded to suggest available resources of empowering the training framework to encourage national solidarity, common social duty, quickened mechanical and innovative turn of events, deep rooted learning, and adjustment in light of evolving conditions. The Koech Report suggested Totally Integrated Quality Education and Training (TIQET). While the Government didn't embrace the Report because of the cost ramifications a few suggestions, for example, educational program legitimization have been received and actualized. Ongoing arrangement activities have concentrated on the fulfillment of training for all (EFA) and, specifically, Universal Primary Education (UPE). The key concerns are get to, maintenance, value, quality and importance, and interior and outside efficiencies inside the instruction framework. The viability of the current 8-4-4 structure and arrangement of training has likewise gone under expanding investigation considering the decrease in enrolment and maintenance especially at the essential and optional school levels in the most recent decade. The Government is focused on the arrangement of value instruction and preparing as a human ideal for all Kenyans as per the Kenyan law and the universal shows, for example, the EFA objective, and is creating techniques for moving the nation towards the achievement of this objective. The execution of Free Primary Education (FPE) is basic to the achievement of UPE as a key achievement towards the acknowledgment of the EFA objective (htt://www. virtualcampuses. eu/file. php/Kenya). 1. National Aims/Goals of Education in Kenya Aseey and Ayot (2009:6) express that: â€Å"in Kenya the central objective of instruction is to get ready and prepare the adolescent to be cheerful and helpful residents of the general public. From this essential needs emerge more points of education†. In Kenya, there are seven explicit objectives of instruction, to be specific national solidarity, national turn of events, singular turn of events and social satisfaction, social equity, regard and advancement of social legacy and universal cognizance. 1. Structure of training Kenya's instruction framework is a three to four level framework. In 1985 Kenya presented the current 8-4-4 framework: ? Essential training: 8 years: age 6-13 (free and mandatory) ? Optional instruction: 4 years: age 14-18(subsidized for understudies in Day Schools and the Government gives charges rules to every single state funded school) ? Advanced education: 4 years: age 19-21 (sponsored for those chose through the Universities Joint Admission Board) 1. 4. 1 Early Childhood Development and Education The arrangement of ECDE as watched

Business Intelligence for Information Systems- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theBusiness Intelligence for Information Systems Engineering. Answer: Business knowledge design of SaS SaS business Intelligence is alluded to as a Visual investigation that assists with uncovering the weight n an IT endeavor with the assistance of self help access to an inside and out information degree. So as to get refined outcomes it is important for any business undertaking to embrace the most appropriate BI stage to increase compelling business achievement and upper hands (Stone and Woodcock 2014). The segments of SAS incorporate information coordination, insight stockpiling, Business Intelligence (BI) and examination. Arrangement of information, show of information these are the two distinct exercises conveyed by SAS BI. Data might be of social database, for example, prophet, My SQL, Teradata and so on. Despite the capacity area of information that is whether OLAP, data maps or in SAS dataset are seen as the toolset of Business Intelligence. Now and again clients can likewise make ETL process in SAS coordination studio (Gallinucci, Golfarelli and Rizzi 2015.). OLAP 3D shape sums up tremendous arrangement of data to guarantee that the clients can without much of a stretch audit and bring information from the server stockpiling. Then again the data map permits the clients to join information, rename factors and so forth. After planning of information as indicated by the design subtleties, it tends to be gotten to through various ways and those are as per the following: SAS web report studio SAS Business Intelligence dashboard SAS data conveyance gateway SAS BI can make solid association or lady of the hour between the clients and information sources. It can coordinate all data those are spread everywhere throughout the endeavor (Naous, Schwarz and Legner 2017). It decreases the pace of time wastage and an additionally get included qualities for organization achievement. The utilization of SaS in a business venture So as to achieve venture exercises, SAS BI is useful and coming up next are the advantages: It can without much of a stretch modify gateways and dashboards It gives propelled business perception Assists with growing significant level business knowledge It has incredible inquiry and investigation abilities too (Debortoli, Muller and vom Brocke 2014) It gives propelled metadata the board choices It has a well adaptable arrangement capacities It gives instinctive interface to the OLAP information server and investigation References Debortoli, S., Muller, O. also, vom Brocke, J., 2014. Looking at business knowledge and huge information skills.Business Information Systems Engineering,6(5), pp.289-300. Gallinucci, E., Golfarelli, M. also, Rizzi, S., 2015. Propelled point displaying for social business intelligence.Information Systems,53, pp.87-106. Naous, D., Schwarz, J. furthermore, Legner, C., 2017. Investigation As A Service: Cloud Computing and the Transformation of Business Analytics Business Models and Ecosystems. Stone, M.D. furthermore, Woodcock, N.D., 2014. Intuitive, immediate and advanced advertising: A future that relies upon better utilization of business intelligence.Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing,8(1), pp.4-17.

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed Class Visits Are Not a Deciding Factor

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed Class Visits Are Not a Deciding Factor Some MBA programsâ€"Harvard Business School, for oneâ€"have gone on record stating that class visits are not a factor in their admissions decisions. But this definitely does  not mean you have nothing to gain from visiting your target schools campus. Imagine that you are considering buying a $250â€"$500K home. Would you not want to visit it before purchasing it? Perhaps you would turn on the taps, open and close the doors and windows, and walk around the yard, making sure your planned investment will be a good one, right? Well, your business school educationâ€"when you take into account tuition, living expenses, and the opportunity costs of leaving your current jobâ€"will probably cost you somewhere in that dollar range. So, visiting your target school(s) to ensure that your potential “home” for the next two years is right for you is just as important. We feel that visiting the campus of the school(s) to which you plan to apply is a crucial step in the application process. Doing so allows you to gain a firsthand perspective into a program’s environment, pedagogy, facilities, student body, and professors. The dollars you will spend on transportation and lodging are the MBA program equivalent of hiring an inspector when buying a home. To the extent that your budget and available vacation days allow, make the effort to visit your target schools, even though doing so will not have a direct effect on whether or not you ultimately gain a letter of acceptance. It  will  help ensure that the school you ultimately attend is a good fit and increase your chances of a happy future there. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed Class Visits Are Not a Deciding Factor Some MBA programsâ€"Harvard Business School, for oneâ€"have gone on record stating that class visits are not a factor in their admissions decisions. But this definitely does not mean you have nothing to gain from visiting campus! Imagine that you are considering buying a $250â€"$500K home. Would you not want to visit it before purchasing it? Perhaps you would turn on the taps, open and close the doors and windows, and walk around the yard, making sure your planned investment will be a good one, right? Well, your business school educationâ€"when you take into account tuition, living expenses, and the opportunity costs of leaving your current jobâ€"will probably cost you somewhere in that dollar range. So, visiting your target school(s) to ensure that your potential “home” for the next two years is right for you is just as important. We feel that visiting the campus of the school(s) to which you plan to apply is a crucial step in the application process. Doing so allows you to gain a firsthand perspective into a program’s environment, pedagogy, facilities, student body, and professors. The dollars you will spend on transportation and lodging are the MBA program equivalent of hiring an inspector when buying a home. To the extent that your budget and available vacation days allow, make the effort to visit your target schools, even though doing so will not have a direct effect on whether or not you ultimately gain a letter of acceptance. It will help ensure that the school you ultimately attend is a good fit and increase your chances of a happy future there. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed

Populists v Progressives Essay - 705 Words

Populists v Progressives nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A political party is an organization whose aim is to gain control of the government apparatus, usually through the election of its candidates to public office. Political parties take many forms, but their main functions are similar: to supply personnel for government positions; to organize these personnel around the formation and implementation of public policy; and to serve in a mediating role between individuals and their government. Political parties are as old as organized political systems. Two parties in particular, the Populist Party and the Progressive Party are alike in many ways, from their platforms to their general issues. In general, however, the structure and behavior of†¦show more content†¦The party adopted a platform calling for the free coinage of silver along with the abolition of national banks. Another aspect of the Populist Party, is a graduated income tax, government ownership of all forms of transportation and communication, a nd the election of Senators by direct vote of the people. Civil service reform, a working day of eight hours, postal banks, pensions, and the reform of immigration regulations are just some of the other views and beliefs of populists. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progressives are activists in a political reform movement known as progressivism, which is a broadly based reform movement that reached its height early in the 20th cent. In the decades following the Civil War, rapid industrialization transformed the United States. A national rail system was completed, agriculture was mechanized, the factory system spread, and cities grew rapidly in size and number all because of this newfound movement. The progressive movement arose as a response to the vast changes brought by industrialization. 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How Much Weight Public Relations Effects the Consumer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 572 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Public relations in business can be explained as the method various businesses use to converse with their consumers. The importance of public relations is that it plays a major role in reputation and building strategies of any business. With the increasingly changing business world, consumers are able to access any information they may require about any business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Much Weight Public Relations Effects the Consumer" essay for you Create order Businesses therefore have to check on transparency and credibility in order to attract more consumers whilst maintaining consumer base. This implies that the impact of public relations on consumers is highly positive. The weight of the impact of public relations can be explained by its objectives which include providing information, product awareness, stimulating demand and creating interest. This research aims at researching the weight public relations has on consumers. Public relation through media coverage shapes the insight of consumers towards a certain brand (jenna, n..p). As leading information is made available to consumers, the opinion of the particular brands or the business changes. The change may be positive or negative depending on the news brought by the media. To measure the weight of public relation through press coverage, I shall provide   list of several brands to survey respondents. Some of the brands have had negative press coverage. From the figure above, the brands that had negative press coverage also received negative perception from the consumers (jenna, n..p). The perception of consumers towards a certain brand determines their likelihood to purchase that commodity. All the same, public relations is able to change the perception of consumers by providing positive news and creating more awareness (Dodd, n..p). The weight of the effect of public relations on the fidelity of consumers is resilient and more substantial when the brand image is favorable. Public relations play a major role in making strategic decisions that help in managing organization’s behavior. Public relations ensures quality production of commodities. When a certain business is able to produce quality products, then more consumers will flow towards that direction. In other words, public relations helps catch the attention of consumers. It is a linking action which strengthens relationships with consumers and stakeholders. For instance, a company such as Samsung is known for producing quality products that are loved by most consumers. In this case, it might not be due to media coverage, but due to proper public relation strategies to produce quality goods as per the consumer need (Hsieh et al., 26-42). Managing organization behavior also involves setting a code of ethics for employees and dealing with negative reviews and negative media coverage. As they say, ‘charity begins at home’, the same applies to all businesses. Creating a good image o f your company may attract more consumers. For instance, if Samsung customer service department employed unqualified personnels, then their brand name might have poor ratings from consumers. If a business has its operations kept on point, that is, perfect customer service, quality products and good organization behavior in general, then it is easy for them to achieve consumer loyalty at a high rate (Hsieh et al., 26-42). This case may also help in neutralizing native PR from the media and social platforms. A good example can be explained by Samsung company. It might be very difficult for its consumers to shift to another brand due to bad information from the media. This is because they know about the products from the company and their employees are always helpful to them.

Sociology 101 Social Norms - 2974 Words

Harry Patel 9/03/2008 Sociology 101, section 8 Social Norms: Conformity and Deviance One of the norms I broke was talking to someone in a public bathroom, while peeing. It was very ocward talking to the guy next to me. One of the reason I felt ocward talking to him was because, you are not suppose to talk to the guy next to you. While you are doing your business you look at the wall in front of you. When you are done you wash your hands, and leave. No one talks to anyone they don’t know, even if they do know the person next to them they won’t talk to them while they are peeing. No one was taught to do this, you learned by observing. But when the guy next to you starts talking you don’t know how to react. That’s how the guy next to me†¦show more content†¦Penney and tried to find him. But we couldn’t find him. One of the reasons I wanted to talk to him was because I wanted to know if he got mad at me because I talk to him in the bathroom. An other reason I wanted to talk to him to see want he thought when I first talk to him. I don’t know if he didn’t wash his hands because I freaked him out. He might be having a bad day that’s why he sounded mad. I don’t think he got mad because I talked to him in the bathroom. I didn’t see him in the mall again, if I did I might have know if that’s the reason he got mad. But talking to the first guy kind of tells me that talking to someone won’t get them mad. It might get someone annoyed but not mad. Comparing the first and second experiments told me that people don’t like to talk to people they don’t know. Even I felt uncomfortable talking to the guy while in the bathroom. Breaking this social norm will irritate the person you are talking to. And they will try to act like they didn’t hear you. But I’m kind of glad we have this social norm, because it is ocward Created by Neevia Document Converter trial version http://www.neevia.com walking to some random guy in a public bathroom. 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Nursing Care for Depressed Occipital Fracture

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Care for Depressed Occipital Fracture. Answer: Introduction: Nursing care patients should be optimal, precise and patient centred. In the light of all the advancements to the health care industry nursing care has reached the pinnacle of success. There was a time when nursing care was viewed just as an add-on to the treatment by the clinical practitioners (FABIANO SHARRARD, 2017). As the health care advanced and treatment procedures became more complex, the weightage of nursing care in the health care industry transformed completely. Now nursing care is seen as a integral part of treatment procedure, and the importance of quality nursing care in the health care industry now is clearly understood (FABIANO SHARRARD, 2017). With the transformation of nursing care, the approaches to it has changed radically as well. There are a lot of different and modern techniques and approaches to nursing care and treatment. Out of all the approaches, evidence based practice has shine in heath care as a whole it makes nursing care be adequately patient centred and absolutely safe for the patients as well (Ribeiro dos Santos, de Carvalho Sousa, Oliveira Lima, Nadson de Sousa Ribeiro, de Arajo Madeira, da Silva Oliveira, 2016). This essay will attempt to string together a patent centred and optimal nursing care plan for depressed occipital fracture utilizing modern approaches to nursing care. Case scenario: The case scenario under consideration in this assignment describes an elderly patient named Mark Robinson aged 63, who fell from a ladder and suffered a depressed occipital fracture and lost consciousness for a while. His Glasgow coma scale showed almost normal behaviour scored at 14 to 15 regularly and the patient exhibited signs of slight drowsiness. Overnight the patient shows symptoms including slurred speech, fatigue and confusion. His nursing care must begin with thorough primary assessment. ABCDE approach primary assessment: The ABCDE approach is designed to provide the nursing professional a thorough examination of all the vital physiological activities. It starts with the airway examination, to ensure that the airway of the patient is not blocked in any manner and the patient is breathing enough air. Most of the emergencies turn fatal within the matter of minutes without the proper examination of the vitals, and checking the airway should be the first step to ensure that the Mark is at no risk to respiratory failure (Onakomaiya, Kruger, Highland, Kodosky, Pape, Roy, 2017). The second assessment in this approach is the examination of breathing, even if there are no blockages in the airway or respiratory tract of the patient there are high chances of irregular breathing patterns in the patients that could be indicative a number of respiratory distress. Hence the breathing should be checked as well. The third assessment criteria in this assignment are checking the circulation of Mark. As this is an emergency case, hypovolemia or other cardiac condition can enforce the patient to go under shock. Hence to rule out any possibilities of impending cardiac arrest the circulation of the patient must be checked (Onakomaiya, Kruger, Highland, Kodosky, Pape, Roy, 2017). The fourth assessment technique uses the examination of any signs of disability in the patient. It has to be considered that the patient suffered a fall that rendered him senseless for a few minute, so possibilities of a stroke cannot be overlooked. Other than that any other fall injuries can also lead the patient to mobility distress for the time being (Tume Jinks, 2008). A frightening reason in emergency or critical health care that generates as a small concern but can complicate the condition of the patient easily is dehydration. According to the dehydration policy adapted by most of the health care facilities checking the patient for possible signs of dehydration is extremely important (Wu, 2016). Lastly the patient must be taken for a full body examination for presence of any physical manifestation like rashes, inflammation and redness. This is the last step of primary assessment and it will reveal vital information about the Mark. Respiratory care and interventions: Pulmonary complications are very common in any brain injury, as the patient has lost consciousness for a substantial amount of time after the fall the possibilities for brain tissue injury cannot be overlooked. As the patient is showing signs of internal tissue damage indicated by slurred speech and confusion. Mark should be provided respiratory assistance in he cannot breathe properly (Meng, 2016). In order to prevent the chances of the patient going through hypoxemia the oxygen supply must be maintained and the patient should be monitored diligently. It will stabilize Mark and minimize the risks for secondary neurological complications (Ribeiro dos Santos, de Carvalho Sousa, Oliveira Lima, Nadson de Sousa Ribeiro, de Arajo Madeira, da Silva Oliveira, 2016). Cardiovascular care and interventions: Traumatic brain injury can give rise to catecholamine storm, an excessive secretion from the adrenal glands that seriously affect the cardiac functions within our body. As Mark already has suffered a depressed occipital fracture with possibilities of minor brain injury the chance of cardiac and myocardial overload and oxygen demand should not be overlooked (Gitto, Arunkumar, Maiese, Bolino, 2015). If the patient shows any signs of neurogenic cardiovascular dysfunctions, administering arterial pressure will help in minimizing the after affects of a catecholamine storm, by administration of b-androgenic blocking agents that can limit the myocardial dysfunctions. After catecholamine storm subsides however an ECG should also be performed to rule out any chances of further complications. Furthermore Mark should be monitored every other hour for any signs of relapse of cardiac malfunctions for the rest of the day (Wu, 2016). Nutritional care and interventions: A depressed skull fracture and associated brain trauma can be turn detrimental to the health and wellbeing of the patient if proper care is not taken. Nutritional requirements can vary from patient to patient however in case of skull injury the nutritional priorities will include high calorie substation with high glucose proportions (Forbes, Reig, Tomycz, Tulipan, 2010). In case of any aftermath of trauma the metabolism rate is increased than the normal and the oxygen and glucose expenditure rate is also high. Care should e taken to compensate the rate of expenditure adequately. As mark has been showing signs of fatigue and lack of nutrition his nutritional requirement should be judged. In case he cannot take food with the normal route intravenous administration is advised. The nursing professional must ensure that patient receives glucose supplements that allow the calorie count of the patent to reach 2500Kcal as that can help the patient with seedy recovery. The patient should be monitored for any signs of blood glucose level drop periodically and should be checked for improvement in fatigue (Balak, Aslan, Serefhan, Elmaci, 2009). Neuromuscular care and electrolyte balance: A bran trauma associated to severe skull fracture can lead to neurogenic motor skill dysfunctions that can lead the patient incapable of movement. In order to treat and manage neuromuscular defect in the patient the very first step should be assessing the neuro-motor activities that the patient is still capable of (Morris, Kushner, Tiwana, 2012). As the patient has difficulty rousing it can be assumed that the patient is in need for adequate neuromuscular interventions. Neuromuscular blocking agents can serve the purpose of delimiting the chances of permanent neuromuscular damage and intracranial pressure can help as well in returning some of the motor skills (Sullivan, 2000). However intracranial pressure can lead to fatal consequences for patients with severe traumatic injuries hence discretion should be take to handle the administration delicately and with proper precautions (Balak, Aslan, Serefhan, Elmaci, 2009). Interventions to provide comfort and reassurance: A traumatic brain injury associated with depressed skull fracture can render the patient incapable of normal motor skills, confusion and lack of speech. In such a condition the patent has to depend completely on the dependence of the nursing professional. Dependency and incapability coupled with panic and stress can induce feelings of inhibition and irritation, hence the nursing professional has to ensure that the patient is comfortable at all times (Bell, Dierks, Brar, Potter, Potter, 2007). The intervention include having the patient under constant vigilance and monitoring, brain trauma patient are generally on different supportive clinical equipments that can malfunction at any time, hence the nurse must take that into consideration as well. Moreover the patient should be comfortably dressed and well hydrated to ensure hygienic and safe care practice. The nursing professionals must also be empathetic and supportive to the needs of the patients and the patient should be reassured periodically to keep him stable (Balak, Aslan, Serefhan, Elmaci, 2009). Communication with patient: It has to be considered that communicating with the patient leads to the best and most focussed patient centred care. In various health care research studies communication has been discovered to e one of the most vital and important sectors of treatment and nursing care. There are a lot of complications that can arise in a complicated health care setting for the patent as well as for the health care professional (Grant, Grinspun, Hernandez, 2010). Effective communication between the patent and the health care professionals will ensure that there is effective harmony in the planning and implementation of the treatment patterns. Apart from that studies suggest that engaging the patent in relaxed conversation increases their sense of involvement with the treatment and boosts their psychological recovery (Gitto, Arunkumar, Maiese, Bolino, 2015). Hence the communicational interventions of the nursing professional regarding the patient under consideration should include engaging the patent in active communication to build a mutually respectful relationship with the patient that will make him feel comfortable and reassured about his safety along with enabling him with confidence to share any grievances with the nursing professional (Sullivan, 2000). Venous thrombosis prophylaxis: In any case of brain trauma, the risk of the patent developing venous thrombosis is very high. In case the patient under consideration faces any risk to VTE, the intervention should not be delayed at any circumstances. The most abundantly used intervention for VTE include mechanical compression prophylaxis technique (Damkliang, Considine, Kent, Street, 2016). In this technique the various compression devices are used to relieve the blood statis and increase the venous outflow in leg veins. One of them most popular and abundantly used technique for this is compassion stockings that are more effective and with much lesser side effects. Apart from that the patient can also be administered with unfractionated heparin in case the mechanical prophylaxis dose not elicit any results (Mitchell, Kirkness, Blissitt, 2015). Infection control: In case of brain injury patients infection is a common occurrence, with respiratory support they are more likely to develop respiratory tract infections. Interventions to avoid respiratory tract infections in the patient periodic suctioning should be done to ensure that the mucous accumulation in the airways does not lead to any infection and complete oral care should be taken with antimicrobial agents like chlorehexin so that the risk to infection can be overcome (Tume Jinks, 2008). Skin care and general hygiene: General skin care and hygiene can go a long way in patient care, hence the nursing professional should take adequate actions to encourage safe and hygienic stay in the heath care setting. Using antimicrobial washes and sponge bath technique the patent should be properly cared for. Daily excretory hygiene should also be diligently followed (Ladanyi Elliott, 2008). Bladder care: Brain injury can alter the bladder and bowel movements in the patients, and as Mark, the patient under consideration for this assignment is aging, the chances of him developing dysfunctional bladder are high (Balak, Aslan, Serefhan, Elmaci, 2009). The interventions should include cleaning the bladder periodically to keep his kidneys healthy. As the patient is incapable of movement the bladder can be cleaned with a catheter, attached to a drainage bag. The nursing professional should clean out the bladder by intermittent catheterization and proper cleaning techniques (Coco, Tossavainen, Jskelinen, Turunen, 2012). Dressing and wound care: As the patient has experienced skull fracture due to a fall the dressing care of his wild should not be treated lightly. The dressing should be changed during every bath in a scientific and hygienic manner. Care should be taken that the wound is not contaminated at any circumstances. If there is any tender point or press palpate site in the skull fracture wound, care should be taken so that the delicate skin does not bleed. Furthermore the gauge should be removed twice a day at the least to eliminate any risk of wound infection (Tam, McKay, Sloan, Ponsford, 2015). Communication with relatives: A quality patient centred care is incomplete without taking into consideration the preferences of the patient and their families. Facilitating active and effective communication with the patient family can ensure that there is a harmonious and mutually respectful relationship between both parties. Along with that care should be taken that the patient and his family is adequately informed about the severity of the patients conditions and the treatment procedures planned (Coco, Tossavainen, Jskelinen, Turunen, 2012) . Ethical and legal health care practice compliant with all the legislations enforced by regulatory health care authorities ensures consent and proper patient documentation to be essential in any treatment procedure. Hence it is essential that the nursing professional informs the family about the severity of the patients health conditions and discuss the relevance and effectiveness in the treatment procedure prior to administration of any treatment techniques and methods (Coco, Tossavainen, Jskelinen, Turunen, 2012). Conclusion: Nursing care is vital for any health care concern, irrespective of the severity and complications associated with it. In the face of contemporary health care outfitted with specialized multidisciplinary teams, nursing care is viewed as the most important link between the different disciplines. Without a functional nursing activity the continuum of the treatment procedure dependent upon different disciplines will be compromised. Without proper and effective transmittance of nursing cafe the ultimate goal of patent centred care can never be achieved. On a concluding note it can be stated that a traumatic brain injury due to a severe depressed occipital fracture can lead to a variety of complications within a very short period of time. Hence a health care concern like that demands a interdisciplinary and extensive nursing care. This situation enlightens us about the need of extensive skills and knowledge that is required for comprehensive nursing care in the current scenario of health and safety. Hence the nursing professionals should enhance their skills and expand their knowledge taking the assistance of evidence based practice. A reflective and integrated practice like based on practical evidences allows the nurses to determine the cause for complication and administer required intervention is a very systematic and scientific manner. Evidence based practice in health care has strengthened the patient centred care exponentially and it can be hoped that it will continue to benefit heath care in the future as well. Bibliography Balak, N., Aslan, B., Serefhan, A., Elmaci, I. (2009). Intracranial retained stone after depressed skull fracture: problems in the initial diagnosis. American Journal Of Forensic Medicine Pathology , 198-200. Bell, R., Dierks, E., Brar, P., Potter, J., Potter, B. (2007). 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